FLANGE 플랜지 볼트 너트 선정 기준

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스터드 볼트에 사용할 재료는 여러 요인에 따라 달라지며, 주요 요소는 플랜지 재료와 파이프라인 설계 온도입니다.

1. STUD BOLTS AND NUTS SELECTION TABLE

DESIGN TEMPERATURE	FLANGE MATERIAL	STUD BOLT	HEAVY HEX STEEL NUTS
-195° to 102°C	ASTM A 182 Gr. F304, F304L, F316, F316L, F321, F347	A320 Gr. B8 Class 2	A194 Gr. 8A
-101° to -47°C	ASTM A 350 Gr. LF3	A 320 Gr. L7	A 194 Gr. 7
-46° to -30°C	ASTM A 350 Gr. LF2	A 320 Gr. L7	A 194 Gr. 7
-29° to 427°C	ASTM A 105	A 193 Gr. B7	A 194 Gr. 2H
428° to 537°C	ASTM A 182 Gr. F11, F22	A 193 Gr. B16	A 194 Gr. 2H
538° to 648°C	ASTM A182 Gr. F11, F22	A 193 Gr. B8 Class 1	A 194 Gr. 8A
649° to 815°C	ASTM A182 Gr. F304 H, F316 H	A 193 Gr. B8M Class 1	A 194 Gr. 8A

2. ASTM stud bolts 재질 선정 기준

A193 – Alloy-Steel Bolding Materials for High-Temperature Service

A307 – Low-Carbon Steel Externally and Internally Threaded Standard Fasteners

A320 – Alloy-Steel Bolding Materials for Low-Temperature Service

A325 – High-Strength Bolds for Structural Steel Joints, Including Suitable Nuts and Plain Hardened Washers

A354 – Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts and Studs with Suitable Nuts

A449 – Quenched and Tempered Steel Bolts and Studs

A490 – Quenched and Tempered Alloy Bolts for Structural Steel Joint

Identification Grade Mark	Specification	Fastener Description	Material	Nominal Size Range (in.)	Mechanical Properties
					Proof Load (psi)	Yield Strength Min (psi)	Tensile Strength Min (psi)
No Grade Mark	SAE J429Grade 1	Bolts, Screws, Studs	Low or Medium Carbon Steel	1/4 thru 1-1/2	33,000		60,000
	ASTM A307Grades A&B		Low Carbon Steel	1/4 thru 4	–	–
	SAE J429Grade 2		Low or Medium Carbon Steel	1/4 thru 3/4 Over 3/4 to 1-1/2	55,000 33,000	57,000 36,000	74,000 60,000
No Grade Mark	SAE J429Grade 4	Studs	Medium Carbon Cold Drawn Steel	1/4 thru 1-1/2	–	100,000	115,000
B5	ASTM A193Grade B5	–	AISI 501	1/4 thru 4	–	80,000	100,000
B6	ASTM A193Grade B6		AISI 410		–	85,000	110,000
B7	ASTM A193Grade B7		AISI 4140, 4142, OR 4105	1/4 thru 2-1/2 Over 2-1/2 thru 4 Over 4 thru 7	–	105,000 95,000 75,000	125,000 115,000 100,000
B16	ASTM A193Grade B16		CrMoVa Alloy Steel		–	105,000 95,000 85,000	125,000 115,000 100,000
B8	ASTM A193Grade B8		AISI 304	1/4 and larger	–	30,000	75,000
B8C	ASTM A193Grade B8C		AISI 347		–
B8M	ASTM A193Grade B8M		AISI 316		–
B8T	ASTM A193Grade B8T	Bolts, Screws, Studs for High- Temperature Service	AISI 321	1/4 and larger	–	30,000	75,000

Identification Grade Mark	Specification	Fastener Description	Material	Nominal Size Range (in.)	Mechanical Properties
					Proof Load (psi)	Yield Strength Min (psi)	Tensile Strength Min (psi)
B8	ASTM A193Grade B8	Bolts, Screws, Studs for High- Temperature Service	AISI 304Strain Hardened	1/4 thru 3/4 Over 3/4 thru 1 Over 1 thru 1-1/4 Over 1-1/4 thru 1-1/2	–	100,000 80,000 65,000 50,000	125,000 115,000 105,000 100,000
B8C	ASTM A193Grade B8C		AISI 347Strain Hardened		–
B8M	ASTM A193Grade B8M		AISI 316Strain Hardened		–	95,000 80,000 65,000 50,000	110,000 100,000 95,000 90,000
B8T	ASTM A193Grade B8T		AISI 321Strain Hardened		–	100,000 80,000 65,000 50,000	125,000 115,000 105,000 100,000
L7	ASTM A320Grade L7	Bolts,Screws, Studs for Low- Temperature Service	AISI 4140,4142 or 4145	1/4 thru 2-1/2	–	105,000	125,000
L7A	ASTM A320Grade L7A		AISI 4037		–
L7B	ASTM A320Grade L7B		AISI 4137		–
L7C	ASTM A320Grade LC7		AISI 8740		–
L43	ASTM A320Grade L43		AISI 4340	1/4 thru 4	–
B8	ASTM A320Grade B8		AISI 304	1/4 and larger	–	30,000	75,000
B8C	ASTM A320Grade B8C		AISI 347		–
B8T	ASTM A320Grade B8T		AISI 321		–

Identification Grade Mark	Specification	Fastener Description	Material	Nominal Size Range (in.)	Mechanical Properties
					Proof Load (psi)	Yield Strength Min (psi)	Tensile Strength Min (psi)
B8T	ASTM A320 Grade B8T	Bolts,Screws, Studs for Low- Temperature Service	1/4 thru 3/4 Over 3/4 thru 1 Over 1 thru 1-1/4 Over 1-1/4 thru 1-1/2	1/4 and larger	–	30,000	75,000
B8F	ASTM A320 Grade B8F				–
B8M	ASTM A320 Grade B8M				–
B8	ASTM A320 Grade B8		AISI 304	1/4 thru 3/4 Over 3/4 thru 1 Over 1 thru 1-1/4 Over 1-1/4 thru 1-1/2	–	100,000 80,000 65,00 50,00	100,000 80,000 65,00 50,00
B8C	ASTM A320 Grade B8C		AISI 347		–
B8F	ASTM A320 Grade B8F		AISI 303or 303Se		–
B8M	ASTM A320 Grade B8M		AISI 316		–
B8T	ASTM A320 Grade B8T		AISI 321		–
	SAE J429 Grade 5	Bolts, Screws, Studs	Medium Carbon Steel, Quenched and Tempered	1/4 thru 1Over 1 to 1-1/2	85,000 74,000	92,000 81,000	120,000 105,000
	ASTM A449			1/4 thru 1Over 1 to 1-1/2 Over 1-1/2 thru 3	85,000 74,000 55,000	92,000 81,000 58,000	120,000 105,000 90,000
	SAE J429 Grade 5.1	Sems	Low or Medium Carbon Steel, Quenched and Tempered	No. 6 thru 3/8	85,000	–	120,000
	SAE J429 Grade 5.2	Bolts, Screws, Studs	Low Carbon Martensitic Steel, Quenched and Tempered	1/4 thru 1	85,000	92,000	120,000

Identification Grade Mark	Specification	Fastener Description	Material	Nominal Size Range (in.)	Mechanical Properties
					Proof Load (psi)	Yield Strength Min (psi)	Tensile Strength Min (psi)
A325	ASTM A325 Type 1	High Strength Structural Bolts	Medium Carbon Steel, Quenched and Tempered	1/2 thru 11-1/8 thru 1-1/2	85,000 74,000	92,000 81,000	120,000 105,000
A325	ASTM A325 Type 2		Low Carbon Martensitic Steel, Quenched and Tempered	1/2 thru 1	85,000	92,000	120,000
A325	ASTM A325 Type 3		Atmospheric Corrosion Resisting Steel, Quenched and Tempered	1/2 thru 11-1/8 thru 1-1/2	85,000 74,000	92,000 81,000	120,000 105,000
	ASTM A354 Grade BB	Bolts, Studs	Alloy Steel, Quenched and Tempered	1/4 thru 2-1/22-3/4 thru 4	80,000 75,000	83,000 78,000	105,000 100,000
	ASTM A354 Grade BC				105,000 95,000	109,000 99,000	125,000 115,000
	SAE J429 Grade 7	Bolts, Screws	Medium Carbon Alloy Steel, Quenched and Tempered4	1/4 thru 1-1/2	105,000	115,000	133,000
	SAE J429 Grade 8	Bolts, Screws, Studs	Medium Carbon Alloy Steel, Quenched and Tempered	1/4 thru 1-1/2	120,000	130,000	150,000
	ASTM A354 Grade BD
			Alloy Steel, Quenched and Tempered4
No Grade Mark	SAE J429 Grade 8.1	Studs	Medium Carbon Alloy or SAE 1041 Modified Elevated Temperature Drawn Steel	1/4 thru 1-1/2	120,000	130,000	150,000
A490	ASTM A490	High Strength Structural Bolts	Alloy Steel, Quenched and Tempered	1/2 thru 1-1/2	120,000	130,000	150,000 min 170,000 max
No Grade Mark	ISO R898 Class 4.6	Bolts, Screws, Studs	Medium Carbon Steel, Quenched and Tempered	All Sizes thru 1-1/2	33,000	36,000	60,000

Identification Grade Mark	Specification	Fastener Description	Material	Nominal Size Range (in.)	Mechanical Properties
					Proof Load (psi)	Yield Strength Min (psi)	Tensile Strength Min (psi)
No Grade Mark	ISO R898 Class 5.8	Bolts, Screws, Studs	Medium Carbon Steel, Quenched and Tempered	All Sizes thru 1-1/2	55,000	57,000	74,000
8.8 or 88	ISO R898 Class 8.8		Alloy Steel, Quenched and Tempered		85,000	92,000	120,000
10.9 or 109	ISO R898 Class 10.9				120,000	130,000	150,000